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OBJECTIVE Epileptic networks are char-acterized as two states,seizures or more prolonged inter-ictal periods.However,cellular mechanisms underlying the contribution of interictal periods to ictal events remain unclear.METHODS Here,we present the procedure for labeling seizure-activated and interictal-activated neuro-nal ensembles in mouse hippocampal kindling model using an enhanced-synaptic-activity-responsive element.This technique is combined with genetically encoded effectors to characterize and manipulate neuronal ensembles recruited by focal seizures(FS-Ens)and interictal periods(IP-Ens)in piriform cortex,a region that plays a key role in seizure generation.RESULTS Ca2+ activities and histo-logical evidence reveal a disjointed correlation between the two ensembles during FS dynamics.Optogenetic acti-vation of FS-Ens promotes further seizure development,while IP-Ens protects against it.Interestingly,both ensem-bles are functionally involved in generalized seizures(GS)due to circuit rearrangement.IP-Ens bidirectionally modulates FS but not GS by controlling coherence with hippocampus.CONCLUSION This study indicates that the interictal state may represent a seizure-preventing environment,and the interictal-activated ensemble may serve as a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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Objective@#To analyse the construction and use of primary and secondary school clinics in China, and to provide the reference for the construction and management of infrastructure of the clinics of primary and secondary schools.@*Methods@#By using stratified cluster random sampling method, 873 primary and secondary schools were selected in east, middle and west of China as research objects to describe the construction and management of the clinics of primary and secondary schools. Regional differences were analyzed by statistical method.@*Results@#Among the 873 schools investigated, 294 (33.7%) schools had clinics, 177 (20.3%) schools had healthcare rooms, and 402 (46.0%) schools had no clinics or healthcare rooms. Among the 294 clinics, only 56 (19.0%) schools had medical institution licenses; 73 (24.8%) schools had a construction area of ≥40 square meters; 135 (45.9%) schools had legal clinics, and 38 (12.9%) schools was a disinfection supply room, 2 (<0.01%) schools had a laboratory, 165 (56.1%) schools was not independent between the departments; the overall standard school clinics construction rate was less than 5%. There were differences in the construction of clinics and healthcare rooms in the east, middle and west parts of China (χ2=237.33, P<0.01). Equipment allocation of the country's primary and secondary schools’ clinics were uneven among regions. The normal allocation rates of thermometer, visual acuity chart and lever weight scale were 96.6%, 83.0% and 75.9%, respectively, and the allocation rate of ultraviolet lamp was 66.7%. Less than 50% syringes and high-pressure sterilizers could be used normally. The reasons for the failure to provide health services in clinics was the absence of equipment and space, which account for 43%.@*Conclusion@#The construction of school clinics and healthcare rooms in China is insufficient, and regional differences are obvious, especially in the west. It is necessary to strengthen regional construction, allocate and use the equipment reasonably.
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Objective To analyze the expression of activated T cell nuclear factor (NFAT) in hepatoeellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and its correlation with clinicopathological factors.Methods Data of 105 patients including 87 males and 18 females,aged 55.1 ± 10.8 years old,diagnosed with HCC who underwent hepatectomy in hepatobiliary surgery department of the first central hospital of Tianjin from September 2014 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed,Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of NFAT subtypes in HCC tissues and adjacent normal liver tissues,and the differences in expression of NFAT subtypes and related factors were analyzed.Results HCC tissues had higher expression of NFAT4 and lower expression of NFAT1 compared to adjacent tissues (P＜0.05).NFAT1 positive group had higher HBV infected rate (93.1％ vs.78.7％) and lower microvascular invasion rate than that in NFAT1 negative group (24.1％ vs.46.8％) (P＜ 0.05).NFAT3 positive group had more younger patients (≤ 60 years old) (80.0％ vs.60.0％) and higher microvascular invasion rate (46.2％ vs.15.0％) (P＜0.05).NFAT4 positive group had higher microvascular invasion rate (43.3％ vs.22.2％) (P＜0.05).Conclusion HCC tissues had different expressions of NFATs.The expressions of NFAT1,NFAT3 and NFAT4 are related to microvascular invasion.
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Objective To approach the methods and effects of internal fixation for Hoffa fracture. Methods A total of 26 patients with 26 condylar Hoffa fractures ( medial condylar fractures in 13patients and lateral condylar fractures in 13) treated from August 1993 to February 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the Letenneur classification,there were 16 patients with type Ⅰ fractures,four with type Ⅱ fractures and six with type Ⅲ fractures.Among them,two patients were with open fractures and 24 with closed fractures.Surgical approaches including screw fixation in 21 patients and lateral support plate fixation in five were selected based on the fracture types and affected sides. Results All patients were followed up for 12.5-48 months (average 18 months),which showed fracture healing in all the patients within 3-4 months (average 3.5 months).Two patients had slight shift together with knee joint pain,ie,one patient had ROM of knee for 95 °,and one failed the functional exercise because of pain and had ROM of knee for 60° during follow up.No complications including infection,delayed union or bone necrosis occurred.According to Letenneur' s functional assessment system,the postoperative outcomes were excellent and good in 24 condyles,fair in one and poor in one. Conclusions Surgical treatment for Hoffa fractures is safe and effective,but the key point is to choose correct screw fixation position and orientation according to the fracture types and fracture fragment size.
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Background Influence of weightlessness on visual function has been a hot topic in aerospace medicine field.Electroretinography (ERG) is valuable tool of evaluating visual function.Objective This study aims to observe the influence of head down tilt simulated weightlessness on ERG.MethodHead down tilt for 6° was adopted in 6 healthy volunteers.Flash ERG,including rod response,maxium response,cone response,oscillatory potentials (OPs) and 30 Hz flicker was recorded,and the latency and amplitude from each wave were analyzed before,two days and five days after trial.The record procedure followed the ISCEV standard for full field clinical electroretinography (2008 update).Oral informed consent was obtained from all the subjects prior to the trail.Results No significant differences were detected in the latencies and amplitudes of a,b waves of cone response and 30 Hz flicker among various time points(P＞0.05).The latencies were significantly prolonged in b wave of rod and a,b waves of maxim responses(P＜0.01),but no obvious change was found in amplitudes (P＞0.05).Both the latency and amplitude of all of the wavelets of OPs were considerably among the different time points(P＜0.05-0.01),and the ∑OPs was evidently different among the different time points(P＜0.05).Conclusion Head down tilt simulated weightlessness induce the abnormality of visual function in the early stage.
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Objective To study the influence of probiotic bacteria on rats blood lipids and immune function.Methods Rats fed with high fat diet,as a positive control of lovastatin in different kinds of experimental rats fed with probiotic bacteria.Before the experiment and 30 days after the experiment,the serum TC,TG and immune indicators were examined,compared with the control group.Results Probiotic bacteria feeding rats compared with control group rats,TC and TG in probiotic bacteria feeding rats blood are obviously lower than the eontroled group,(P＜0.01),the immune index is obviously higher than the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Probiotic bacteria obviously reduces TG and TG in Probiotic feeding rats blood,and improves the immunological function of probiotic bacteria feeding rats.
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Objective To observe the influence of head-down tilt on visual evoked potential.Methods Six healthy volunteers were exposed to-6? head-down tilt.The visual evoked potential were measured before the test,the second day and the fifth day of the test under different space frequency.Results No significant difference was found in the latency of P100 before and after the test.The amplitude of P100 had significant change under high space frequency.But not the same happened on middle and low space frequency.Conclusion head-down tilt can induce the change of visual evoked potential under high space frequency,which means the weightlessness may influent the visual function.